Fully agreed with Gareth Evans!
To: EMyrone@aol.com
Sent: 29/01/2015 15:16:47 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: 304(6): General Expression for Photon Mass in Any Absorption SpectrumShould be able to calculate photon mass in many ways now using experimental data and make comparisons. Consistent results will make it even harder to argue against.
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This is given by E = h bar omega = gamma m c squared, gamma = ( 1 – (v/c) squared) power minus half, and by the general expression (26) for photon velocity v in the presence of absorption. In this case it is no longer the simple c / v. Here m is photon mass. In the next note this set of fundamental optical equations will be solved to give the photon velocity in terms of the power absorption coefficient (27). So whenever there is absorption of any kind, photon mass can be calculated and inter alia photon mass always exists for any absorption. This completely refutes the standard model idea of massless photon in yet another way. Horst might like to plot the photon velocity v from eq. (26) in terms of real and imaginary parts of the refractive index. In the first instance these can be modelled, but they can be worked out completely as in the next note.
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Generated 28-Jan-2015 11:48 EST
Many thanks to Horst Eckardt! The splitting is of greatest importance in my opinion. If the probe laser is tuned to exactly the absorption line it will be almost completely absorbed, so A would be very high as in this calculation. If the quantum theory is realistic, these results are realistic, and the quantum theory faces a severe test more than a hundred years after it was inferred. I will go on to incorporate photon mass in the theory and then write up UFT304.
To: emyrone@aol.com
Sent: 28/01/2015 11:49:00 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: Discussion of Note 304(5)This is the calculation of the absorption coefficient and the frequency shift for Hydrogen. I used the Avogadro constant and the mole volume of 22.4 Litres in N/V, hope this was correct.
The absorption coefficient A without mu_fi is huge (line o11), but the transition matrix elements are tiny in SI units so that A becomes resonable sized (o13-o16).
The results of the first figure show that there is a fourfold splitting o fthe absorption line. Three of them go down to zero after a 2 cm penetration length. In the range of 1 mm the decrease is linear, see second figure.
I am not sure if these results are realistic because Hydrogen is a transparent gas normally.
Horst
EMyrone@aol.com hat am 27. Januar 2015 um 15:34 geschrieben:
Very interesting point at the end of this note from Horst. From experience in the far infra red the path length difference delta l was of the order of less than a millimetre for dipolar liquids, where the power absorption coefficient was of the order of 150 neper wave numbers. So using Al = 1 is OK. In low absorbers such as dilute gases the path length went up to about 15 cm.
To: emyrone@aol.com
Sent: 27/01/2015 14:17:15 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: Evans Morris Shifts in H at Visible FrequenciesI will put in some numerical values to the power absorption coefficient. The product
A * l
must be in the range of zero but not too large to given an exponential factor exp(-A*l) which is not too small. As discussed already, a very large absorption coefficient leads to absorption in the inter-molecular range. Then the beam is completely absorbed and no frequency shift measurable. Of course one can determine this experimentally. For a calculation, what do we insert for the integrated density of states N/V?
Another point: The transition probabilities 2s –> 3p and 2p –> 3d are different, but the energy levels are the same. This means that the Evans Morris effects should show a type of fine structure which is not derived from spin-orbit coupling.
Horst
EMyrone@aol.com hat am 27. Januar 2015 um 14:35 geschrieben:
These are described by the simple equation (6), which shows that an Evans Morris shift is present for any type of visible, ultra violet, X ray and gamma ray absorption spectrum described by an integrated power absorption coefficient A. So the shifts are fundamentally new spectroscopy across the entire electromagnetic range, completely worthy of an experimental Nobel Prize. A detailed description is given of the n’ = 2 to n = 3 Balmer line of H at 656.3 nanometres. This is triply degenerate and appears as one line, first observed in the late nineteenth century. The colour of the line is due to emission, the opposite process to absorption. In general the energy levels of atomic H are n squared degenerate as is well known. Relativistic quantum mechanics and the fermion equation produces fine structure and more lines provided the resolution of the spectrometer is high enough to see the fine structure. In H (atomic hydrogen) the fine structure is very small but very important as in recent UFT papers using the fermion equation, all well studied by now around the world. In order to observe the Evans Morris effects some skill is needed, one cannot just wave a torchlight at a sample and hope for the best. The Evans /Morris shifts provide fundamental tests of the quantum theory of Planck and Einstein. The theory simply uses the Planck intensities in the Beer Lambert law. The Evans / Morris effects follow immediately.
Agreed with this, the nature of the ECE vacuum is summarized in the Eckardt / Lindstrom papers UFT292 to UFT299 and in papers such as UFT85, which dealt with the radiative corrections in the context of ECE theory. UFT49 discusses the nature of interstellar space.
To: EMyrone@aol.com
Sent: 27/01/2015 15:08:40 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: Absorption Coefficent of the VacuumIt is not a true vacuum of course. So, we can measure the absorption coefficient of cosmological space with the red shift.
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Generated 27-Jan-2015 11:48 EST
The transition dipole moment should be computed as on page 4 of the previous note for 2s to 3p, 2p to 3s, and 2p to 3d using the relevant H wavefunctions. For N / V I would use Avogadro’s number, 6.022 ten power 23 molecules per mole. The path length can be varied in the range in which the computer does not overflow. Alternatively alpha can be observed experimentally at a particular frequency and any convenient spectrum used. The high frequency approximation from about 100 wavenumbers to higher frequencies (mid infra red, visible, ultra violet, X ray, gamma ray) is:
omega= omega0 exp ( – alpha l / 3) , h bar omega >> kT
The low frequency approximation below about 100 wavenumbers into the microwave and radio frequencies and less, down to sub hertzian is
omega = omega0 exp ( – alpha l / 2), h bar omega << kT
Fully agreed, if Al <<1 then:
exp (- AL) = 1 – AL
and the cosmological red shift is proportional to l as observed.
To: emyrone@aol.com
Sent: 27/01/2015 14:19:39 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: The Cosmological Red Shift as an Evans / Morris Shift without Big BangThe cosmological red shift opens up a method for determining the absorption coefficient of the vacuum.
Horst
EMyrone@aol.com hat am 27. Januar 2015 um 15:11 geschrieben:
The cosmological red shift at visible frequencies is the Evans / Morris shift:
omega = omega0 exp ( – A l / 3)
where omega0 is the frequency at the source, omega the red shifted frequency observed by a telescope on earth or the Hubble space telescope, l is the distance between the source and the telescope and A the integrated power absorption coefficient of absorbing, interstellar matter between the source and the telescope. The distance l can be millions of light years. The greater the distance l, the more the red shift. It has been internationally accepted for nearly a decade that Big Bang is totally wrong. This is one of the major refutations of ECE theory, one out of very many, so the old physics is in tatters. This type of explanation was first put forward in UFT49, and was inferred also by G. J. Evans and T. Morris.
The cosmological red shift at visible frequencies is the Evans / Morris shift:
omega = omega0 exp ( – A l / 3)
where omega0 is the frequency at the source, omega the red shifted frequency observed by a telescope on earth or the Hubble space telescope, l is the distance between the source and the telescope and A the integrated power absorption coefficient of absorbing, interstellar matter between the source and the telescope. The distance l can be millions of light years. The greater the distance l, the more the red shift. It has been internationally accepted for nearly a decade that Big Bang is totally wrong. This is one of the major refutations of ECE theory, one out of very many, so the old physics is in tatters. This type of explanation was first put forward in UFT49, and was inferred also by G. J. Evans and T. Morris.
These are in the middle of the range mentioned by Simon Clifford below, and are as follows in the visible in nm: 656.3 (n’ = 2 to n = 3); 486.1 nm (n’ = 2 to n = 4); 434 nm (n’ = 2 to n = 5); 410.2 nm (n’ = 2 to n = 6); 397 nm (n’ = 2 to n = 7). The infinity is at 365 nm. A tunable laser in the visible can be used, tuned to a frequency (omega (initial)) of one of the Balmer absorption lines. It is Evans / Morris shifted to a lower frequency after passing through a sample path length l. The shift depends on l. At visible frequencies:
omega (shifted) = omega (initial) exp ( – alpha l / 3)
where alpha is the integrated power absorption coefficient at the Balmer line. The shift in frequency can be measured very accurately using the usual methods of interferometry. This is a severe test of the foundational principles of quantum mechanics, more than a century after the theories were formulated by Planck and Einstein (1899 to 1905).The Beer Lambert law was discovered experimentally by Pierre Bouguer before 1729, and was attributed to Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1760, who cited Bouguer. It was extended in 1852 by August Beer. Its theoretical derivation, based on twentieth century quantum mechanics, is non trivial and is described in UFT300.
To: EMyrone@aol.com
Sent: 26/01/2015 17:20:55 GMT Standard Time
Subj: Re: Photon Mass and the New ExperimentOnly for wavelengths from about 200nm to about 1500nm!
On 26 January 2015 at 14:31, <EMyrone> wrote:
Frequencies and wavelengths can be measured very precisely in spectrsocopy, especially if interferometry is used to detect the difference between omega0 and omega, so this may be a route in to precise measurements of the effect of photon mass.